The stock market is a discounting mechanism, which means its price reflects expectations for the future, and its price fluctuations reflect the market's attempt to factor in changes to those expectations.

Believe it or not, in a given moment, the stock market does not care too much about the present state of things. That's because expectations for the present will have been priced into the market days, weeks, and months in the past.

That is to say, the stock market reacts to news to the degree the new information 1) is not in line with what the market expected for the present, and 2) changes what the market expects for the future.

There are some more factors that drive stock prices over time. But in the context of digesting major news headlines, these are the two relationships to watch.

Because the stock market is so heavily dependent on expectations for the future, we inevitably get moments when stock market behavior appears to conflict with information about the present. Specifically, we sometimes get stock prices falling amid good news and rising amid bad news.

These are some of the most misunderstood moments in stock market cycles.

That time stocks surged as the economy crashed 🤯

One of the more dumbfounding instances of this counterintuitive dynamic came during the spring of 2020 when the economy was reeling from the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns.

After a sharp 35% drop, the S&P 500 bottomed and inflected upward on March 23 that year.

But we continued to get disastrous economic reports for weeks as the stock market rallied.

People were confused.

Many on social media did not take kindly to the stock market's rally in early 2020. (Source: @JustinAHorwitz)

Yes, the economy was in bad shape in April. But expectations were already extremely low, which meant the bar for developments that could cause stocks to go higher was also very low.

In retrospect, it seems the stock market got it right.

It wasn't until June that we learned job creation resumed in May. And it wasn't until July 2021 that we learned that the recession had ended in April 2020.

This was not just a pandemic recession phenomenon. The stock market usually begins its recovery long before the economy. JPMorgan's Michael Cembalest reviewed the history in an October 2022 research note.

"There is a remarkable consistency to the patterns shown below: equities tend to bottom several months (at least) before the rest of the victims of a recession," he wrote.

As you can see in Cembalest's charts, stock prices (dotted blue line) tend to inflect upwards before we see improvements in earnings (red line), GDP (yellow line), and employment (purple line).

Stocks usually recover before the economy. (Source: JPMorgan)

The economic news has been getting gloomier 👀

The U.S. economy has been cooling for a while as the major tailwinds early in the recovery normalized.

The good news had been that the economy was nevertheless still growing bolstered by consumers' ability to spend and businesses' willingness to invest.

While we might not necessarily be heading for recession, we could be in the midst of a "growth scare," which has historically come with big stock market sell-offs followed by rapid rallies.

Growth scare-y anecdotes have been accumulating recently. Since the beginning of March:

Because the stock market is a discounting mechanism, you could argue that the current drawdown that began on Feb. 19 was the market pricing in the bad news we're getting now.

This again speaks to the quandary investors face as they think about making adjustments to their portfolios. The stock market does not price in what's going on today. It's pricing in what's expected in the weeks, months, and years ahead.

And that future is uncertain. It could be worse than what we currently expect. It could be better.

No one can say for sure that the stock market hit its low for the year. However, we also shouldn't be surprised if we soon experience a sustained rally as incoming news just confirm gloomy expectations that have already been priced into the market.

Zooming out 🔭

In hindsight, divergences in the stock market and the economy make sense. But in the moment, it often feels wrong.

What feels right is when the stock market falls as you get information that indicates the present and near future are deteriorating, and vice versa.

However, there is likely to be a moment where the stock market moves higher as it resumes pricing in a better future. And that moment is likely to happen when the economic headlines are bad.

It all speaks to the perils of trying to time the market.

Is it possible we learn that the economic situation proves far worse than what's priced into the market today? Absolutely.

Can we guarantee that? Absolutely not.