Stocks made new record highs, with the S&P 500 setting a closing high of 5,157.36 on Thursday and reaching an intraday high of 5,189.26 on Friday. For the week, the S&P shed 0.3%. The index is now up 7.4% year to date and up 43.2% from its October 12, 2022 closing low of 3,577.03.

According to BLS data released Thursday, labor productivity increased 3.2% in the fourth quarter of 2023, the third straight quarter of gains. During the period, output increased 3.5% while hours worked increased by just 0.3%.

There are lots of reasons to explain why productivity might be improving.

Fewer Are Quitting

Less churn in the labor market is one reason. In January, 3.39 million workers quit their jobs. This represented just 2.1% of the workforce, which is below the prepandemic trend.

The quits rate has come down in the economy. (Source: BLS via FRED)

That makes sense. When you’re new to a job, you’re probably spending a lot of time learning the ropes. The longer you stay in a job, the better you get at it.

Employment cost growth has been cooling with the quits rates. (Source: BLS via FRED)

As Dutta previously observed, employment cost index growth and the quits rate peaked at about the same time two years ago and have been trending lower together ever since.

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There Are More New Businesses

The boom in new business formation may be another reason why productivity is improving.

According to monthly Census Bureau data, business applications and formations have been trending significantly above pre-pandemic levels.

There’s been a boom in new businesses. (Source: Census)

“That’s important since the slowing pace of business dynamism and lack of new business formation in the 2000s was said to be a reason behind the sluggish growth in productivity over that period, particularly after 2005,” Dutta wrote. “The rise in business formation suggests that people are willing to take on additional risk, and that’s probably important in lifting productivity.”

Indeed, some of the world’s most successful businesses were started by entrepreneurs who cut their teeth at legacy companies, only to leave because they saw an opportunity to execute more efficiently.

And poorly managed unprofitable businesses tend to layoff workers, while better managed profitable ones tend to hire.

“Productivity improves when resources are reallocated from less productive to more productive businesses,” Oxford Economics’ Ryan Sweet wrote on Tuesday.

The Advent Of AI

Of course, there’s also the rapid uptake of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies.

But as the analysts note, it could be a little while before we realize significant tangible benefits from the adoption of AI.

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“The news media is littered with discussions about artificial intelligence and the resulting productivity boom,” Dutta said. “Just because there is a technological breakthrough, productivity miracles don’t necessarily follow right away. It takes time for the technology to make its way through the economy and time for workers to gain the skills needed to make the most use out of technological advances.“

Zooming Out

There isn’t a single metric that does a great job of explaining the state of productivity in the economy. Part of the issue is there are so many ways to think of productivity conceptually. As such, improved productivity manifests in many forms.

One thing I’m pretty confident of is that everyone wants everything and everyone else to be more productive. Employers want their workers and equipment to be more productive so their companies can be more profitable. Workers want to be more productive, and we’d all love to get more done with less time and effort.

At home, everyone wants to be more productive in all they do — because life is short, and who’s got the time? And being productive doesn’t necessarily mean being active all the time. A great vacation or a good night’s sleep can be productive if it makes you refreshed and energized, which in turn can make you more productive in your other activities.

All of these needs and desires incentive people and businesses to come up with new ways to be productive. And all of this is bullish for economic activity, earnings growth, and stock prices in the long run.

A version of this post was originally published on Tker.co.