The year 2018 has been unkind to the financial markets, and the sell-off has been a comprehensive one. After a fairly decent showing in 2017, commodities reversed course amid several pushbacks, including slowing global growth, a strong dollar, geopolitical tensions and an inclement monetary policy environment.
Commodities encompass energy, precious metals, base metals and agricultural and livestock products and are investable via multiple routes:
- Buying a futures contract. Futures refers to a contract entered between a buyer and seller to buy an asset at a predetermined price at a future date. Futures contracts are traded by speculators as well as commercial users of these commodities.
- Betting on or against these commodities by buying or selling stocks of companies that deal in them.
- Investing in commodity ETFs and ETNs.
- Buying units of mutual funds or index funds.
Factors That Worked Against Commodities
Extremely accommodative monetary policy from global central banks and fiscal stimulus handed down by governments after the Great Recession helped the global economy get back on its feet and post above-trend growth in recent years.
The growth is now likely a thing of the past, according to a Bank of America Merrill Lynch Fund Managers' survey. A net 53 percent of fund managers surveyed expect global growth to weaken in 2019, the firm said. This is the worst global growth outlook in a decade, according to BofA.
Infographic courtesy of BofA.
The Dollar's Upward Trajectory
A corollary of monetary policy tightening is a stronger dollar. As interest rate differentials between the U.S. and the rest of the global economies widen, the relative attractiveness of investing in the U.S. to take advantage of higher rates has driven funds into the country, perking up demand for the local currency.
Why should a firmer dollar be detrimental to commodities? Commodities are denominated in the U.S. dollar.
When the greenback strengthens, traders can buy more of a commodity for the same dollar value. In other words, fewer dollars buy the same quantity of a commodity.
Trade Spat
One geopolitical development that has hit the financial markets hard this year: trade tensions between the U.S. and China.
Both parties have been bickering about tariffs on each other's exports. China, the world's second-largest economy and a major commodity user, has outsized influence on commodity prices.
Any hit to the Chinese economy on account of the trade war will have an adverse impact on commodity prices. The U.S. and China recently announced an agreement to delay further tariffs.
"The ceasefire should be a gentle tailwind for the macro outlook in the U.S. and China," BofA Merrill Lynch said. "To achieve a permanent truce, however, the U.S. might have to accept only small gains on trade and intellectual property protection. If not, the trade war could re-escalate."
See also: How Oil, Utilities And Other Sectors Have Fared During The Market Bloodbath
Here's how commodities fared in 2018. Performance is calculated based on Dec. 28 closing quotes.
Natural Gas, Uranium Winners Among Energy Commodities
Natural gas, with a gain of roughly 12 percent for the year, is a winner among energy commodities, which also include crude oil, heating oil, gasoline, uranium and ethanol.
This followed a 20.7-percent pullback in 2017. The commodity has shown volatility throughout the year. After spiking to a 17-year high of $4.837/MMBtu Nov. 14, prices came off this level as winter weather moderated in December.
Precious Metals Lose Luster
Precious metals were lower across the board with the exception of palladium, which carved out a gain for the year. Palladium's strength is attributable to environmental concerns, which drove a shift from diesel to gasoline and hybrid vehicles using platinum in catalytic converters.
At one point in early October, palladium overtook the value of gold, before the latter made a comeback due to its safe haven appeal during market volatility.
Poor Showing For Base Metals
Base metals had a down year, with the Sino-American trade war serving as the primary drag. Aluminum was the worst-hit among the base metals due to a supply glut and falling demand in China, the largest producer as well as consumer of the commodity. The decision by the U.S. to lift sanctions against Russia's Rusal, the second-largest producer of aluminium, did not help matters further.
Most Agricultural Commodities Higher
Most agricultural commodities advanced for the year, while soybean, sugar, cotton and coffee ended lower.
U.S. wheat futures added roughly 20 percent for the year, corn about 7 percent, barley about 31 percent, oats 14 percent and cocoa about 27 percent.
On the other hand, soybean futures tumbled 8.3 percent, cotton 7.9 percent, sugar 18.3 percent, coffee 20 percent and lumber 25.9 percent.
Among livestock futures, live cattle and feeder cattle added 3.4 percent and 11.9 percent, respectively, while lean hog futures fell 15.3 percent.
The Outlook
Three macro downside risks — a collapse of Sino-American trade talks, the Fed's tightening of monetary policy and a material worsening of the emerging market credit cycle — are likely to weigh on commodities in the coming year, according to BofA Merrill Lynch.
That said, the firm is mildly optimistic given that commodities perform well in late business cycle phases.
The following are BofA Merrill Lynch's calls for 2019:
- WTI crude prices to an average $59/barrel in 2019.
- Heating oil could top $5 per MMbtu on cold winter weather. Meanwhile, a milder weather could lead to a sell-off.
- With supplies improving, Newcastle thermal coal is expected to average $95 per metric ton.
- Aluminum fundamentals are set to remain steady amid smelter cuts in China and weak output in the Americas and Europe.
- Upside in zinc prices is likely to be limited, given mine supply that has been increasing since 2017.
- Gold prices are expected to average $1,296/ounce in 2019, although the U.S. twin deficits and Chinese stimulus could push prices toward $1,400/ounce.
- Among agricultural commodities, the firm is bullish on corn and mildly bullish on wheat, but bearish on soybeans and sugar.
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