James River Announces Second Quarter 2020 Results

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  • Second Quarter 2020 Net Income of $35.6 million -- $1.16 per diluted share and Adjusted Net Operating Income of $17.4 million -- $0.56 per diluted share
     
  • 20% increase in Core (excluding Commercial Auto) Excess and Surplus Lines ("E&S") renewal pricing, and 18% growth in Core E&S Gross Written Premium, each versus the prior year quarter
     
  • Combined ratio of 95.0% for the Group and 84.0% in the E&S segment, an improvement of 0.2 and 5.5 points, respectively, over the prior year quarter
     
  • Net Income was supported by significant mark-to-market investment gains, primarily in the Company's senior secured bank loan portfolio, given the strong rebound in the capital markets
     
  • Tangible Book Value per Share of $18.89, an increase of 14.9% from March 31, 2020, and 2.7% from December 31, 2019
     
  • Year-to-date 2020 annualized Adjusted Net Operating Return on Average Tangible Equity of 12.0%

PEMBROKE, Bermuda, July 29, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- James River Group Holdings, Ltd. ("James River" or the "Company") JRVR today reported second quarter 2020 net income of $35.6 million ($1.16 per diluted share), compared to net income of $20.3 million ($0.66 per diluted share) for the second quarter of 2019.  Adjusted net operating income for the second quarter of 2020 was $17.4 million ($0.56 per diluted share), compared to adjusted net operating income of $20.2 million ($0.66 per diluted share) for the same period in 2019.

Earnings Per Diluted ShareThree Months Ended
June 30,
 2020 2019
    
Net Income$1.16  $0.66 
Adjusted Net Operating Income 1$0.56  $0.66 
    
1 See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures" below.
 

J. Adam Abram, the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, commented, "Our company has delivered a very strong quarter. Current market conditions throughout our three segments are very attractive. Core E&S renewal pricing improved by 20%.  This was our 14th consecutive quarter of rate increases and the highest quarterly increase in our history. We wrote $180 million of Core E&S premium this quarter, more than double the amount in the same quarter two years ago, and an increase of 18% as compared to the second quarter of last year. The number of policies in force in Core E&S grew 28%.  Submission flow in this segment continued its healthy pace, increasing 12% during the quarter, and accelerated in the last month of the quarter. We achieved an 84.0% combined ratio during the quarter in our E&S segment.

In our investment portfolio, asset prices recovered and our mark-to-market gains during the quarter exceeded the mark-to-market losses that we experienced during the first quarter."

Second Quarter 2020 Operating Results

  • Gross written premium of $301.6 million, consisting of the following:
 Three Months Ended
June 30,
 
($ in thousands)2020 2019 % Change
Excess and Surplus Lines$186,994  $260,277  (28)%
Specialty Admitted Insurance88,440  89,472  (1)%
Casualty Reinsurance26,205  30,254  (13)%
 $301,639  $380,003  (21)%
           
  • Net written premium of $165.8 million, consisting of the following:
 Three Months Ended
June 30,
 
($ in thousands)2020 2019 % Change
Excess and Surplus Lines$126,814  $195,624  (35)%
Specialty Admitted Insurance12,739  14,034  (9)%
Casualty Reinsurance26,204  30,252  (13)%
 $165,757  $239,910  (31)%
           
  • Net earned premium of $148.8 million, consisting of the following:
 Three Months Ended
June 30,
 
($ in thousands)2020 2019 % Change
Excess and Surplus Lines$100,849  $150,921  (33)%
Specialty Admitted Insurance14,392  13,086  10
Casualty Reinsurance33,574  35,107  (4)%
 $148,815  $199,114  (25)%
           
  • Core E&S gross written premium increased 18% (nine out of twelve core underwriting divisions grew), while net written premium increased at a lower rate due to strong growth in lines of business with lower premium retention.  Commercial auto gross written premium decreased from $107.5 million in the second quarter of 2019 to $7.1 million in the second quarter of 2020 due to the cancellation, effective December 31, 2019, of all policies issued to one large commercial auto insured;
  • Gross written premium for the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment declined from the prior year quarter due to a lower amount of premium written for our largest fronting partner, partially offset by growth in several other fronting relationships, and the continued addition of new fronting partners.  Our net retention declined as the Company increased the cession rate of the individual risk workers' compensation third party quota share from 50% to 70% effective January 1, 2020;
  • Gross and net written premium in the Casualty Reinsurance segment decreased from the prior year quarter due to lower premium estimate adjustments for treaties written in prior periods, and the renewal of certain treaties at lower premium levels;
  • There was overall unfavorable reserve development of $1.1 million compared to unfavorable reserve development of $2.3 million in the prior year quarter (representing a 0.8 and 1.1 percentage point increase to the Company's loss ratio in the periods, respectively);
  • Pre-tax (unfavorable) favorable reserve development by segment was as follows:
 Three Months Ended
June 30,
($ in thousands)2020 2019
Excess and Surplus Lines$2,849  $(1,200)
Specialty Admitted Insurance1,000  1,247 
Casualty Reinsurance(4,975) (2,362)
 $(1,126) $(2,315)
        
  • The Excess and Surplus Lines segment experienced $2.8 million of favorable development due to reserve releases in its Core divisions.  The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment experienced $1.0 million of favorable development in its individual risk workers' compensation business.  The Casualty Reinsurance segment experienced $5.0 million of unfavorable development;
  • Group combined ratio of 95.0% versus 95.2% in the prior year quarter;
  • Group expense ratio of 28.6% increased from 21.3% in the prior year quarter, principally due to the mix shift away from commercial auto business, which carries a lower expense ratio and higher loss ratio than other lines of business.  However, the expense ratio declined 5.6 percentage points from 34.2% in the first quarter of 2020 due to recent expense initiatives, growth in lines of business with lower premium retention (and lower net commissions), and the reversal of a significant accrual, which resulted in additional fee income (a reduction to commission expense);
  • Gross fee income by segment was as follows:
 Three Months Ended
June 30,
 
($ in thousands)2020 2019 % Change
Excess and Surplus Lines$296  $2,302  (87)%
Specialty Admitted Insurance5,377  3,849  40%
 $5,673  $6,151  (8)%
           
  • Fee income in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment decreased from its level in the prior year quarter due to the December 31, 2019 cancellation of all policies issued to one large commercial auto insured.  Fee income in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment increased due to the continued growth of fronting relationships as well as the reversal of a significant accrual, resulting in $1.3 million of additional gross fee income (a reduction to commission expense);
  • Net investment income was $15.4 million, a decrease of 12% from the prior year quarter.  Further details can be found in the "Investment Results" section below.

Investment Results

Net investment income for the second quarter of 2020 was $15.4 million, which compares to $17.5 million for the same period in 2019.  The decrease was principally due to lower investment income from our bank loan portfolio resulting from a smaller portfolio and lower investment yields.

The Company's net investment income consisted of the following:

 Three Months Ended
June 30,
 
($ in thousands)2020 2019 % Change
Renewable Energy Investments$12  $(13) - 
Other Private Investments432  1,142  (62)%
All Other Net Investment Income 14,906   16,406  (9)%
Total Net Investment Income$15,350  $17,535  (12)%
           

The Company's annualized gross investment yield on average fixed maturity, bank loan and equity securities for the three months ended June 30, 2020 was 3.2% (versus 4.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2019).  The yield decreased primarily as a result of the sale of floating rate bank loan investments during the quarter.

During the three months ended June 30, 2020 the Company experienced realized and unrealized mark-to-market investment gains as the investment markets meaningfully recovered since March 31, 2020.  The Company's fixed maturity investment portfolio had unrealized gains of $53.5 million, while the bank loan portfolio had unrealized gains of $26.6 million, offset partially by realized losses of $9.4 million incurred on the sale of approximately 40% of the bank loan portfolio (as measured by par value).   Changes in the fair value of bank loan participations and equity securities are reflected in the income statement as net realized and unrealized gains or losses on investments, while changes in the fair value of fixed maturity securities are a component of other comprehensive income.

Taxes

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Generally the Company's effective tax rate fluctuates from period to period based on the relative mix of income reported by country and the respective tax rates imposed by each tax jurisdiction.  The tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 was 10.4% and 18.6%, respectively.  The tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2019 was 17.6% and 14.7%, respectively.

Tangible Equity

Tangible equity before dividends increased 16.9% from $501.7 million at March 31, 2020 and 6.4% from $559.8 million at December 31, 2019 to $595.8 million at June 30, 2020, principally due to $42.4 million of after tax unrealized gains in the Company's fixed income investment portfolio.

June 30, 2020 tangible equity of $577.2 million after dividends increased 15.1% from $501.7 million at March 31, 2020 and 3.1% from $559.8 million at December 31, 2019.  Tangible equity per common share was $18.89 at June 30, 2020, net of $0.60 of dividends per share the Company paid during the first six months of 2020.  The year-to-date annualized adjusted net operating income return on average tangible equity was 12.0%, which compares to 15.7% for the same period in 2019.

Capital Management

The Company announced that its Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.30 per common share. This dividend is payable on Wednesday, September 30, 2020 to all shareholders of record on Monday, September 14, 2020.

Conference Call

James River Group Holdings, Ltd. will hold a conference call to discuss its second quarter results tomorrow, July 30, 2020, at 8:00 a.m. Eastern Time. Investors may access the conference call by dialing (877) 930-8055, Conference ID# 7788638, or via the internet by visiting www.jrgh.net and clicking on the "Investor Relations" link. Please access the website at least 15 minutes early to register and download any necessary audio software. A replay of the call will be available until 11:00 a.m. (Eastern Time) on August 29, 2020 and can be accessed by dialing (855) 859-2056 or by visiting the company website.

Forward-Looking Statements

This press release contains forward-looking statements as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases, such forward-looking statements may be identified by terms such as believe, expect, seek, may, will, intend, project, anticipate, plan, estimate, guidance or similar words. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements.  Although it is not possible to identify all of these risks and factors, they include, among others, the following: the inherent uncertainty of estimating reserves and the possibility that incurred losses may be greater than our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves; inaccurate estimates and judgments in our risk management may expose us to greater risks than intended; the potential loss of key members of our management team or key employees and our ability to attract and retain personnel; adverse economic factors resulting in the sale of fewer policies than expected or an increase in the frequency or severity of claims, or both; a decline in our financial strength rating resulting in a reduction of new or renewal business; reliance on a select group of brokers and agents for a significant portion of our business and the impact of our potential failure to maintain such relationships; reliance on a select group of customers for a significant portion of our business and the impact of our potential failure to maintain, or decision to terminate, such relationships; losses resulting from reinsurance counterparties failing to pay us on reinsurance claims, insurance companies with whom we have a fronting arrangement failing to pay us for claims, or an insured group of companies with whom we have an indemnification arrangement failing to perform their reimbursement obligations; changes in laws or government regulation, including tax or insurance law and regulations; the ongoing effect of Public Law No. 115-97, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which may have a significant effect on us including, among other things, by potentially increasing our tax rate, as well as taxes on our shareholders; in the event we do not qualify for the insurance company exception to the passive foreign investment company ("PFIC") rules and are therefore considered a PFIC, there could be material adverse tax consequences to an investor that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation; the Company or any of its foreign subsidiaries becoming subject to U.S. federal income taxation; a failure of any of the loss limitations or exclusions we utilize to shield us from unanticipated financial losses or legal exposures, or other liabilities; losses from catastrophic events, such as natural disasters and terrorist acts, which substantially exceed our expectations and/or exceed the amount of reinsurance we have purchased to protect us from such events; potential effects on our business of emerging claim and coverage issues; the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated government actions on our operations and financial  performance; exposure to credit risk, interest rate risk and other market risk in our investment portfolio; our ability to obtain reinsurance coverage at prices and on terms that allow us to transfer risk and adequately protect our company against financial loss; the potential impact of internal or external fraud, operational errors, systems malfunctions or cyber security incidents; our ability to manage our growth effectively; inadequacy of premiums we charge to compensate us for our losses incurred; failure to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended ("Sarbanes-Oxley"); and changes in our financial condition, regulations or other factors that may restrict our subsidiaries' ability to pay us dividends. Additional information about these risks and uncertainties, as well as others that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, is contained in our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, 2020, and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 30, 2020. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this release and the Company does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking information to reflect changes in assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events, or otherwise.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In presenting James River Group Holdings, Ltd.'s results, management has included financial measures that are not calculated under standards or rules that comprise accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"). Such measures, including underwriting profit, adjusted net operating income, tangible equity, adjusted net operating return on average tangible equity (which is calculated as annualized adjusted net operating income divided by average tangible equity), and pre-dividend tangible equity per share, are referred to as non-GAAP measures. These non-GAAP measures may be defined or calculated differently by other companies. These measures should not be viewed as a substitute for those measures determined in accordance with GAAP. Reconciliations of such measures to the most comparable GAAP figures are included at the end of this press release.

About James River Group Holdings, Ltd.

James River Group Holdings, Ltd. is a Bermuda-based insurance holding company which owns and operates a group of specialty insurance and reinsurance companies. The Company operates in three specialty property-casualty insurance and reinsurance segments: Excess and Surplus Lines, Specialty Admitted Insurance and Casualty Reinsurance. Each of the Company's regulated insurance subsidiaries are rated "A" (Excellent) by A.M. Best Company.

Visit James River Group Holdings, Ltd. on the web at www.jrgh.net

For more information contact:

Kevin Copeland

SVP Finance & Chief Investment Officer
Investor Relations
441-278-4573
InvestorRelations@jrgh.net

James River Group Holdings, Ltd. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet Data
(Unaudited)

 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019
 ($ in thousands, except for share data)
ASSETS   
Invested assets:   
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale$1,747,404  $1,433,626 
Equity securities, at fair value78,045  80,735 
Bank loan participations, at fair value in 2020 and at amortized cost, net of allowance in 2019127,698  260,864 
Short-term investments96,265  156,925 
Other invested assets47,463  61,210 
Total invested assets2,096,875  1,993,360 
    
Cash and cash equivalents204,309  206,912 
Restricted cash equivalents1,020,856  1,199,164 
Accrued investment income14,387  13,597 
Premiums receivable and agents' balances, net339,822  369,462 
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, net727,102  668,045 
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses43,308  33,221 
Deferred policy acquisition costs57,898  62,006 
Goodwill and intangible assets218,473  218,771 
Other assets286,171  259,867 
Total assets$5,009,201  $5,024,405 
    
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY   
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses$2,066,971  $2,045,506 
Unearned premiums566,443  524,377 
Funds held1,020,856  1,199,164 
Senior debt217,300  158,300 
Junior subordinated debt104,055  104,055 
Accrued expenses53,262  58,416 
Other liabilities184,603  156,006 
Total liabilities4,213,490  4,245,824 
    
Total shareholders' equity795,711  778,581 
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$5,009,201  $5,024,405 
    
Tangible equity (a)$577,238  $559,810 
Tangible equity per common share outstanding (a)$18.89  $18.40 
Total shareholders' equity per common share outstanding$26.04  $25.59 
Common shares outstanding30,553,178  30,424,391 
(a) See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures".   
    



James River Group Holdings, Ltd. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Income (Loss) Statement Data
(Unaudited)

 Three Months Ended
June 30,
 Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2020 2019 2020 2019
 ($ in thousands, except for share data)
REVENUES       
Gross written premiums$301,639  $380,003  $585,480  $707,337 
Net written premiums165,757  239,910  300,411  447,651 
Net earned premiums148,815  199,114  294,733  389,266 
Net investment income15,350  17,535  36,186  36,966 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments (a)21,593  1,063  (36,814) 2,688 
Other income991  2,662  2,928  5,581 
Total revenues186,749  220,374  297,033  434,501 
        
EXPENSES       
Losses and loss adjustment expenses98,746  147,053  195,602  286,980 
Other operating expenses43,397  44,843  95,018  90,595 
Other expenses1,732  683  1,732  683 
Interest expense2,965  2,684  5,841  5,492 
Amortization of intangible assets149  149  298  298 
Total expenses146,989  195,412  298,491  384,048 
Income (loss) before taxes39,760  24,962  (1,458) 50,453 
Income tax expense (benefit)4,146  4,655  (257) 7,418 
NET INCOME (LOSS)$35,614  $20,307  $(1,201) $43,035 
ADJUSTED NET OPERATING INCOME (b)$17,379  $20,177  $32,797  $41,890 
        
EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE       
Basic$1.17  $0.67  $(0.04) $1.43 
Diluted$1.16  $0.66  $(0.04) $1.41 
        
ADJUSTED NET OPERATING INCOME PER SHARE      
Basic$0.57  $0.67  $1.08  $1.39 
Diluted$0.56  $0.66  $1.07  $1.37 
        
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:       
Basic30,529,241  30,246,420  30,502,774  30,153,426 
Diluted (c)30,782,609  30,689,074  30,502,774  30,581,205 
Cash dividends declared per common share$0.30  $0.30  $0.60  $0.60 
        
Ratios:       
Loss ratio66.4% 73.9% 66.4% 73.7%
Expense ratio (d)28.6% 21.3% 31.4% 22.0%
Combined ratio95.0% 95.2% 97.8% 95.7%
Accident year loss ratio65.6% 72.7% 65.7% 72.9%
        
(a) Includes gains of $4.0 million and losses of $9.3 million for the change in net unrealized gains/losses on equity securities in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively (gains of $1.9 million and $5.4 million for the respective prior year periods), and gains of $26.6 million and losses of $17.4 million for the change in net unrealized losses on bank loan participations in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, following the Company's election of the fair value option for bank loans effective January 1, 2020.
(b) See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures".
(c) Common share equivalents of 281,405 were dilutive for the calculation of diluted adjusted net operating income per share for the six months ended June 30, 2020.
(d) Calculated with a numerator comprising other operating expenses less gross fee income (in specific instances when the Company is not on risk) included in "Other income" in our Condensed Consolidated Income Statements of $744,000 and $2.4 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020 ($2.4 million and $5.0 million for the respective prior year periods) and a denominator of net earned premiums.
 

James River Group Holdings, Ltd. and Subsidiaries
Segment Results

EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES

 Three Months Ended
June 30,
   Six Months Ended
June 30,
  
 2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
 ($ in thousands)
Gross written premiums$186,994  $260,277  (28.2)% $323,191  $446,826  (27.7)%
Net written premiums$126,814  $195,624  (35.2)% $219,020  $350,485  (37.5)%
            
Net earned premiums$100,849  $150,921  (33.2)% $200,588  $292,593  (31.4)%
Losses and loss adjustment expenses(63,410) (115,637) (45.2)% (128,939) (223,842) (42.4)%
Underwriting expenses(21,344) (19,474) 9.6% (47,442) (39,839) 19.1%
Underwriting profit (a), (b)$16,095  $15,810  1.8% $24,207  $28,912  (16.3)%
            
Ratios:           
Loss ratio62.9% 76.6%   64.3% 76.5%  
Expense ratio21.1% 12.9%   23.6% 13.6%  
Combined ratio84.0% 89.5%   87.9% 90.1%  
Accident year loss ratio65.7% 75.8%   65.7% 76.1%  
            
(a) See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures".          
(b) Underwriting results include fee income of $296,000 and $1.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020,  respectively ($2.3 million and $5.0 million for the respective prior year periods). These amounts are included in "Other income" in our Condensed Consolidated Income Statements.
 

SPECIALTY ADMITTED INSURANCE

 Three Months Ended
June 30,
   Six Months Ended
June 30,
  
 2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
 ($ in thousands)
Gross written premiums$88,440  $89,472  (1.2)% $191,242  $192,425  (0.6)%
Net written premiums$12,739  $14,034  (9.2)% $26,095  $29,055  (10.2)%
            
Net earned premiums$14,392  $13,086  10.0% $27,675  $25,446  8.8%
Losses and loss adjustment expenses(10,559) (8,402) 25.7% (20,464) (15,604) 31.1%
Underwriting expenses(2,403) (3,386) (29.0)% (6,769) (6,921) (2.2)%
Underwriting profit (a), (b)$1,430  $1,298  10.2% $442  $2,921  (84.9)%
            
Ratios:           
Loss ratio73.4% 64.2%   73.9% 61.3%  
Expense ratio16.7% 25.9%   24.5% 27.2%  
Combined ratio90.1% 90.1%   98.4% 88.5%  
Accident year loss ratio80.3% 73.7%   81.2% 74.1%  
            
(a) See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures".          
(b) Underwriting results include fee income of $5.4 million and $9.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively ($3.8 million and $7.6 million for the respective prior year periods).

CASUALTY REINSURANCE

 Three Months Ended
June 30,
   Six Months Ended
June 30,
  
 2020 2019 % Change 2020 2019 % Change
 ($ in thousands)
Gross written premiums$26,205  $30,254  (13.4)% $71,047  $68,086  4.3%
Net written premiums$26,204  $30,252  (13.4)% $55,296  $68,111  (18.8)%
            
Net earned premiums$33,574  $35,107  (4.4)% $66,470  $71,227  (6.7)%
Losses and loss adjustment expenses(24,777) (23,014) 7.7% (46,199) (47,534) (2.8)%
Underwriting expenses(11,434) (12,193) (6.2)% (22,701) (23,466) (3.3)%
Underwriting (loss) profit (a)$(2,637) $(100) -  $(2,430) $227  - 
            
Ratios:           
Loss ratio73.8% 65.6%   69.5% 66.7%  
Expense ratio34.1% 34.7%   34.2% 33.0%  
Combined ratio107.9% 100.3%   103.7% 99.7%  
Accident year loss ratio59.0% 58.8%   59.2% 59.2%  
            
(a) See "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures".          

RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP MEASURES

Underwriting Profit (Loss)

The following table reconciles the underwriting profit (loss) by individual operating segment and for the entire Company to consolidated income (loss) before taxes. We believe that these measures are useful to investors in evaluating the performance of our Company and its operating segments because our objective is to consistently earn underwriting profits.  We evaluate the performance of our operating segments and allocate resources based primarily on underwriting profit of operating segments.  Our definition of underwriting profit of operating segments and underwriting profit may not be comparable to that of other companies.

 Three Months Ended
June 30,
 Six Months Ended
June 30,
 2020 2019 2020 2019
 (in thousands)
Underwriting profit (loss) of the operating segments:       
Excess and Surplus Lines$16,095  $15,810  $24,207  $28,912 
Specialty Admitted Insurance1,430  1,298  442  2,921 
Casualty Reinsurance(2,637) (100) (2,430) 227 
Total underwriting profit of operating segments14,888  17,008  22,219  32,060 
Other operating expenses of the Corporate and Other segment(7,472) (7,433) (15,751) (15,339)
Underwriting profit (a)7,416  9,575  6,468  16,721 
Net investment income15,350  17,535  36,186  36,966 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments (b)21,593  1,063  (36,814) 2,688 
Other income(1,485) (378) (1,159) (132)
Interest expense(2,965) (2,684) (5,841) (5,492)
Amortization of intangible assets(149) (149) (298) (298)
Consolidated income (loss) before taxes$39,760  $24,962  $(1,458) $50,453 
        
(a)  Included in underwriting results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 is fee income of $5.7 million and $11.2 million, respectively ($6.2 million and $12.6 million for the respective prior year periods).
(b)  Includes gains of $4.0 million and losses of $9.3 million for the change in net unrealized gains/losses on equity securities in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively (gains of $1.9 million and $5.4 million for the respective prior year periods), and gains of $26.6 million and losses of $17.4 million for the change in net unrealized losses on bank loan participations in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, following the Company's election of the fair value option for bank loans effective January 1, 2020.
 

Adjusted Net Operating Income

We define adjusted net operating income as net income excluding net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments (net realized investment gains (losses) and the change in unrealized gains (losses) on equity securities and bank loan participations effective with the Company's election of the fair value option for bank loans on January 1, 2020), as well as non-operating expenses including those that relate to due diligence costs for various merger and acquisition activities, professional fees related to the filing of registration statements for the sale of our securities, and costs associated with former employees. We use adjusted net operating income as an internal performance measure in the management of our operations because we believe it gives our management and other users of our financial information useful insight into our results of operations and our underlying business performance. Adjusted net operating income should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP, and our definition of adjusted net operating income may not be comparable to that of other companies.

Our income before taxes and net income reconciles to our adjusted net operating income as follows:

 Three Months Ended June 30,
 2020 2019
 Income Before Taxes Net Income Income Before Taxes Net Income
 (in thousands)
Income as reported$39,760  $35,614  $24,962  $20,307 
Net realized and unrealized gains on investments (a)(21,593) (19,763) (1,063) (670)
Other expenses1,732  1,528  683  540 
Adjusted net operating income$19,899  $17,379  $24,582  $20,177 
        
 Six Months Ended June 30,
 2020 2019
 (Loss) Income Before Taxes Net (Loss) Income Income Before Taxes Net Income
 (in thousands)
(Loss) income as reported$(1,458) $(1,201) $50,453  $43,035 
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments (a)36,814  32,470  (2,688) (1,685)
Other expenses1,732  1,528  683  540 
Adjusted net operating income$37,088  $32,797  $48,448  $41,890 
        
(a)  Includes gains of $4.0 million and losses of $9.3 million for the change in net unrealized gains/losses on equity securities in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively (gains of $1.9 million and $5.4 million for the respective prior year periods), and gains of $26.6 million and losses of $17.4 million for the change in net unrealized losses on bank loan participations in the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, following the Company's election of the fair value option for bank loans effective January 1, 2020.
 

Tangible Equity (per Share) and Pre-Dividend Tangible Equity (per Share)

We define tangible equity as shareholders' equity less goodwill and intangible assets (net of amortization).  Our definition of tangible equity may not be comparable to that of other companies, and it should not be viewed as a substitute for shareholders' equity calculated in accordance with GAAP.  We use tangible equity internally to evaluate the strength of our balance sheet and to compare returns relative to this measure.  The following table reconciles shareholders' equity to tangible equity for June 30, 2020, December 31, 2019, and June 30, 2019 and reconciles tangible equity to tangible equity before dividends for June 30, 2020.

 June 30, 2020 December 31, 2019 June 30, 2019
($ in thousands, except for share data)Equity Equity per share Equity Equity per share Equity Equity per share
Shareholders' equity$795,711  $26.04  $778,581  $25.59  $791,050  $26.08 
Goodwill and intangible assets218,473  7.15  218,771  7.19  219,070  7.22 
Tangible equity$577,238  $18.89  $559,810  $18.40  $571,980  $18.86 
Dividends to shareholders for the six months ended June 30, 202018,523  0.60         
Pre-dividend tangible equity$595,761  $19.49         
                
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